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Thymus pannonicus
''Thymus pannonicus'', known by its common name Hungarian thyme or Eurasian thyme is a perennial herbaceous plant, distributed in central and eastern Europe and Russia. It grows over open dry meadows, grasslands and rocks.
In Serbia, this plant species contributes to several xerothermous grass formations which develop on warm, dry silicate terrains at altitude above 160 meters, mostly over plains or mild slopes, on acidic soils derived from crystalline albite-muscovite schist and gneiss-like granite. In southern Banat (Serbia), the dried herb is used to make tasty and refreshing herbal tea drinks, owing to its peculiar and pleasant lemon-like scent. Fresh leaves are used for aromatisation of homemade jams, candies and similar confections. Traditionally, it is used also for coughs and other respiratory complaints, as well as certain gastrointestinal disorders.〔Zoran Maksimović, Marina Milenković, Dragana Vučićević, Mihailo Ristić. Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Thymus pannonicus All. (Lamiaceae) essential oil. Cent. Eur. J. Biol. • 3(2) • 2008 • 149–154. 〕
== Chemical composition ==
In a survey of available literature, only a few publications relevant to the chemical composition of ''Thymus pannonicus'' were found, suggesting that a substantial dearth of information in this field still exists. According to Karuza-Stojaković et al., the principal constituents of ''T. pannonicus'' essential oil from southern parts of Vojvodina province (northern Serbia) were terpinyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, thymol, carvacrol and geranyl acetate (listed in order of descending quantity).〔Ljiljana Karuza-Stojaković, Stamenko Pavlović, Predrag Živanović, Branka Todorović. Količina i sastav etarskih ulja različitih vrsta roda Thymus L., Arhiv za farmaciju, 1989, 39, 105-111 (in Serbian)〕 Recent comprehensive studies of chemical variability in hydrodistilled essential oils of different wild growing and cultivated populations of ''T. pannonicus'' from Hungary, as well as supercritical fluid extracts of various ''Lamiaceae'' species, confirmed that high concentrations of both thymol and p-cymene are the main chemosystematic attributes of ''T. pannonicus'' essential oil,.〔Pluhár Zs., Héthelyi É., Kutta G., Kamondy L., Evaluation of environmental factors influencing essential oil quality of Thymus pannonicus All. and Thymus praecox Opiz, J. Herbs Spices Med. Plants, 2007, 3, 23-43〕〔Kutta G., Pluhár Zs., Sárosi Sz., Yield and composition of supercritical fluid extracts of different Lamiaceae species, Int. J. Hort. Sci., 2007, 13, 79-82〕 Further research efforts of Pluhár Zs. et al. on the volatile oil composition of ''T. pannonicus'' from nineteen different localities of Hungary, confirmed a significant essential oil polymorphism in this plant species, as twelve different chemovarieties were determined, namely: thymol, thymol/p-cymene, thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene, thymol/p-cymene/neral, thymol/p-cymene/γ-terpinene/β-bisabolene, thymol/p-cymene/isoborneol/γ-terpinene, thymol/linalyl acetate/γ-terpinene/α-cubebene, p-cymene/geraniol/linalyl acetate, linalyl acetate/geranyl acetate, germacrene-D/β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide/α-cubebene/linalool, and germacrene-D/β-caryophyllene/farnesol.〔Pluhár Zs., Sárosi Sz., Pinter A., Simko H., Essential oil polymorphism of wild growing Hungarian Thyme (Thymus pannonicus) populations in the Carpathian Basin, Natural Product Communications, 2010, 5(10), 1681-1686〕
On the other hand, a ''T. pannonicus'' population, which is located over the southern slopes of Vršac Mountains in southern Banat (Vojvodina province, Serbia) was characterised by exceptionally high percentage of oxygenated monoterpenes (91.75%). The most abundant components of its essential oil were identified as geranial (41.42%, w/w) and neral (29.61%, w/w), the mixture of which is frequently referred to as citral.〔
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